Description
Taxonomy
| Kingdom | Phylum | Class | Order | Family | Genus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animalia | Chordata | Osteichthyes | Salmoniformes | Salmonidae | Oncorhynchus |
Synonyms
Invasion History
Chesapeake Bay Status
| First Record | Population | Range | Introduction | Residency | Source Region | Native Region | Vectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975 | Failed | Contracting | Introduced | Unconfirmed | North America | Asia-North America | Fisheries(Fisheries Intentional) |
History of Spread
Landlocked lake populations of Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) are widely introduced outside their range in North America by state agencies (ME, CT, NH, NY, PA, VT, and western states), but most transplants either fail to survive or to reproduce (Page and Burr 1991; Scott and Crossman 1973). Stocking in Great Lakes continued (Ontario and Huron) from 1950 onwards, but no reproducing population until more extensive stocking there in 1966 (Mills et al. 1993). Breeding populations persist in Lake Huron (Jenkins and Burkhead 1993). This fish is established in Nantahala Reservoir, Great Smoky Mountains NC, with some natural reproduction (Rohde et al. 1994). In the Chesapeake watershed, this species is likely to survive the summer only in deep, relatively cold mountain reservoirs.
Potomac River - Oncorhynchus nerka was stocked in upper Potomac drainage reservoirs (WV) (Stauffer et al. 1978a, b).
Susquehanna River - Oncorhynchus nerka was introduced into Harvey's Lake (Central PA) by PA Fish Commission (no date given; Denoncourt et al. 1975b), but was not reported from the lower Susquehanna (McKeown 1984).
Strays from stocked reservoir populations are possible in Chesapeake tributaries.
History References - Denoncourt et al. 1975b; Jenkins and Burkhead 1993; McKeown 1984; Mills et al. 1993; Rohde et al. 1994; Stauffer et al. 1978a; Stauffer 1978b.
Invasion Comments
Native Region- 'Arctic & Pacific drainages; Cape Hope AK to Sacramento River drainage, CA. Landlocked populations in AK, YU, B C, WA, OR. (Page and Burr 1991). Also in N.E. Asia' (Page and Burr 1991).
Ecology
Environmental Tolerances
| For Survival | For Reproduction | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | Maximum | Minimum | Maximum | |
| Temperature (ºC) | 2.0 | 24.4 | 5.0 | 12.0 |
| Salinity (‰) | 0.0 | 35.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Oxygen | ||||
| pH | ||||
| Salinity Range | fresh-oligo |
Age and Growth
| Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Typical Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Adult Size (mm) | ||
| Maximum Longevity (yrs) | ||
| Typical Longevity (yrs |
Reproduction
| Start | Peak | End | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive Season | |||
| Typical Number of Young Per Reproductive Event |
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| Sexuality Mode(s) | |||
| Mode(s) of Asexual Reproduction |
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| Fertilization Type(s) | |||
| More than One Reproduction Event per Year |
|||
| Reproductive Startegy | |||
| Egg/Seed Form |
Impacts
Economic Impacts in Chesapeake Bay
Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) has been stocked in reservoirs at higher elevations in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, but at most is only a potential stray in tidal waters. It has had no economic impacts in the Bay proper, and probably only small impacts in high-altitude reservoirs where it has been stocked (Denoncourt et al. 1975; Stauffer et al. 1978).
Economic Impacts Outside of Chesapeake Bay
Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) is a leading commercial and gamefish in the North Pacific and in river systems from the Sacramento to AK. Landlocked populations (Kokanee) are also highly prized as gamefish, although the widespread introductions often fail to reproduce (Scott and Crossman 1973). Kokanee have been introduced to 28 states (Fuller et al. 1999) and are established in New Zealand (Lever 1996).
References- Fuller et al. 1999; Lever 1996; Scott and Crossman 1973
Ecological Impacts on Chesapeake Native Species
Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) has been stocked in reservoirs at higher elevations in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, but at most is only a potential stray in tidal waters, and unlikely to have any impact on native Chesapeake Bay species.
Ecological Impacts on Other Chesapeake Non-Native Species
Oncorhynchus nerka (Sockeye Salmon) has been stocked in reservoirs at higher elevations in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, but at most is only a potential stray in tidal waters, and unlikely to have any impact on introduced Chesapeake Bay species.
References
Carlander, Kenneth D. (1969) Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 1., In: (Eds.) . , Ames. Pp.Denoncourt, Robert F.; Cooper, Edwin L. (1975) A review of the literature and checklist of fishes of the Susquehanna River drainage above Conowingo Dam, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 49: 121-125
Jenkins, Robert E.; Burkhead, Noel M. (1993) Freshwater fishes of Virginia., , Bethesda, MD. Pp.
McKeown, Paul E. (1984) Additions to ichthyofauna of the Susquehanna River with a checklist of fishes of the Susquehanna River drainage below Conowingo Dam, Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 58: 187-192
Page, Lawrence M.; Burr, Brooks M. (1991) Freshwater Fishes., , Boston. Pp.
Rodhe, Fred C.; Arndt, Rudolf G.; Lindquist, David G.; Parnell, James F. (1994) Fishes of the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware, , Chapel Hill. Pp.
Scott, W. B.; Crossman, E. J. (1973) Freshwater fishes of Canada, , Ottawa. Pp.
Stauffer, Jay B.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Pistolas, Steve (1978) Preliminary comparison of the ichthyofauna of the northern and southern tributaries of the Potomac River., In: Buterbaugh, Galen L.(Eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Potomac Chapter of the American Fisheries Society. , Bethesda, MD. Pp. 24-38
Stauffer, Jay R. Jr.; Hocutt, Charles H.; Lee, David S. (1978) The zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of the Potomac River Basin, In: Flynn, Kevin G.; Mason, William T.(Eds.) The Freshwater Potomac: Aquatic Communities and Environmental Stresses. , Rockville, MD. Pp. 44-54